Sunday, December 29, 2019

Definition of Social Psychology - 1886 Words

Psychology is a social science study that covers diverse subject topics and carries out different forms of research in order to understand the development and function of human beings. A scientific study focuses on peoples mind and its functions especially those affecting behavior in a particular context. Psychology is divided into different branches, and each branch addresses its own form of content in relation to mental processes and behavior. Social psychology is one of the psychology branches. This subdiscipline focuses on individuals and their thoughts. Experts in this field of study focus on why an individual acts as well as reacts the way he/she does. It studies the interaction between people, but the focus is on one human being†¦show more content†¦Apart from being under the subject of psychology, it is also a social science subject, which embraces humanity and explorative science as well as social behaviors and mental cognition (Cantril, 1934). The study is signific ant because of its information content. History of Social Psychology Social psychology is not a new venture in science. It has been there ever since the late 1890s. Then, psychologists were concerned about it because they wanted to know the different aspects of human nature. The early influencers of this subject are Aristotle, Plato, Hegel, Lazarus and Steinthal (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). This aspect of psychology started being differentiated when Aristotle believed that people were naturally sociable, which is related to the individual centered approach. On the other hand, Plato alleged that the society controlled people and it also encouraged social responsibility mostly through social context, which is concerned with the socio-centered approach. Hegel then brought in the concept that society has obligatory associations with the development of the social mind. This aspect is the rationale behind the notion of group mind, which is crucial in the study of social psychology (Lubek Apfelbaum, 2000). In 1860s, Steinthal and Lazarus wrote about the infl uences of Anglo-European, which led to the emergence of volkerpsychologie, a concept that focuses on the collective mind and the notionsShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychology Definition Paper1122 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Psychology Definition Paper Sinthia Brye PSY/ 400 August 30, 2010 Joyce Willis Social Psychology Introduction Social psychology it observes as the influence of our situations with special attention on how we view and affect one another. Social psychology perceives the way we think, influence people, and relates to others. Social psychology lies at psychology’s boundary with sociology, which sociology is the study of people in groups and societies? Social psychology isRead MoreEmergence of Psychology Through Aristotles Definition and Theories on the Psychà ª956 Words   |  4 Pagescivilization for decades. According to Hergenhahn (2009) the philosophers De Anima plays a major part of psychology because it is considered to be the first text on the history of psychology. It is within that book, Aristotle seek to define the mind and the soul: psychà ª. He later based his theories involving psychology based on his definition of psychà ª. In order to develop his own definition of the mind and the soul, Aristotle brought forth the idea of empirical studies of behavior as evidence uponRead MoreHealth As Being Mentally And Physically Content With One s Self1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome a doctor to keep others healthy and those who want to become a counsellor to also, keep others healthy. This shows that trying to simplify the term ‘health’ into one universal definition could be a difficult task. Physical health that can be tested through x-rays and blood tests, issues such as mental and social health however cannot be tested. A person who is suffering from depression and a person who has a fever should hold the same level of importance to a doctor, parent and society. HealthRead MoreSociology: The Study of Humanity Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pagessubjects in the human sciences. For it is equally the case that Psychology, Social Policy, Economics and Social History, amongst others, are all in some sense about people and humanity. Thus the fact that sociology is about people and humanity gets us only part way along the road to a full definition of the subject. We might also suggest that sociology is about society. This helps in so far as it adds another component to our full definition. But again it is not enough to fully define the subjectRead MoreThe Important Effects of Theories, Systems, and Paradigms on Psychology543 Words   |  3 Pages Psychology is the study of the way people think and behave. The field of psychology has a number of subdisciplines devoted to the study of the different levels and contexts of human thought and behavior that includes theories, systems, and paradigms. Theories, systems, and paradigms have had an important effect on psychology. A theory is a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena. A theory can also be explained as an abstractRead MoreEssay about Definition of Psychology714 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition of Psychology The term psychology comes from two Greek words: psyche, which means 1. The spirit or soul. 2. The human mind. 3. In psychoanalysis, the mind functioning as the center of thought, emotion, and behavior. And logos, the study of. or according to modern researches science These root words were first combined in the 16th century, at a time when the human soul, spirit, or mind was seen as distinct from the body. Definition ofRead MoreSocial Psychology Theories About Attitude Development And Attitude Change865 Words   |  4 PagesThis analytical paper is created in hopes of generating a deeper understanding of attitudes and social psychology and their importance to the social world for all individuals. This should be accomplished through evaluating and addressing how attitudes develop through the social learning theory and behaviorism; how attitudes change by implementing persuasion, cognitive dissonance, and emotion. Additionally, analyzing what approaches and programs are effective and ineffective in a couple of case studiesRead MoreSocial Psychology : An Individual1117 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning of social psychology will be introduced. The differences and similarities social psychology shares with certain fields of psychology will be clarified throughout this essay. Specific subjects such as attitudes, group behaviors, and other related sources will be cited throughout this essay. Some of the research methods used in social psychology to determine how individuals affect groups or how groups affect an individual will be discussed in this essay. Keywords: group behaviors, social cognitionRead MoreHuman Social Perception Of Social Psychology870 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Social Perception in Empirical Literature Human social perception is area of study within social psychology that involves the complex cognitive system that is personal to each individual. Since each person has a unique cognitive system, interpretation of social situations is unique to each individual. The differences in cognition and perception between different people allows for varied interpretations, accurate perceptions, and misperceptions. Social perception is an interesting topic thatRead MorePsychology and Points Essay599 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the statement you choose, write which perspective or branch from psychology (humanistic, positive, biopsychology, cognitive-behavioral, developmental, or social psychology) is most related. Then write a one-sentence statement that describes this perspective. They have a medical condition. Biopsychology It shows how the brain effects the way a person acts. 2. For each question in the list below, name the branch of psychology it most closely relates to, and explain the perspective in a sentence

Saturday, December 21, 2019

A Scholarly Article By The Community Of Mathematicians Essay

Linearity A â€Å"Scholarly† Article by The Community of Mathematicians Authors: CJ Gordon, Thomas Heitritter, Caleb Horsley, Kristian Leppke, Alex Vander Stoep What is a differential? (Thomas Heitritter and Alex Vander Stoep) What is a differential? The question of what is a differential, can be answered very concisely even though it is a question many calculus students share. To put it simply, a differential is any function that relates a given function to its derivatives. However, do not let this relationship fool you into thinking that derivatives and differentials represent the same things. As Calculus and other mathematical studies have progressed through the years, the discoveries back in the seventeenth century by the inventors of calculus, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, have been refined into a much better understanding. However, mathematicians have a history for being a little lazy when it comes to expanding pre-existing arguments. In this case, since a pre-existing argument for derivatives already existed, mathematicians created a way to tie in the idea of differentials in with the concepts of derivatives without necessarily creating a new valid argument for the understandings of differentials. So, at this point, you may be asking what the practical difference is between the derivative of a function and the differential associated with it. Luckily (or perhaps unluckily depending on how you define the term), there is very little difference between the twoShow MoreRelated Teaching in America Essay3668 Words   |  15 Pagescareer or whatever-are reflective of failure in the Academy, measured in its defect rate of around 30 percent. The definition of teaching I sketch-skills adopted from a theoretical foundation, in turn based on a critique-is well founded in the scholarly tradition. Such a definition is, however, challenging to an Academy at the end of an ancien rà ©gime. It has been apparent for a couple decades that something is wrong with the way we teach in this country. Most of the attention is focused on theRead MoreIntercultural Communication of American Tv Series in China6643 Words   |  27 Pagesunderstand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can better communicate with each other. Cross-cultural communication, as in many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields. These fields include anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication. 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Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and JustineRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesexamples, and information about how to manage libraries were forced to search for answers in the literature of public administration or business management. Since then, there has been a growing interest in the topic reflected in the large number of articles and monographs published on all aspects of management of library and information centers. The first edition of Library Management, written by colleagues Robert D. Stueart and John T. Eastlick, was conceived as a basic text for library and informationRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages Peterson The Ghà ¢yat al-Hakà ®m fi’l-sihr, or Picatrix, as it is known in the West, is an important Arabic magical text. It is perhaps the largest and most comprehensive of the grimoires, or handbooks of magic. The attribution to the Andalusian mathematician al-Majriti (or al-Madjriti) (d. ca. 1004-7) is considered pseudo-epigraphic. The Latin translat ion dates to 1256 and the court of Alphonso the Wise, king of Castille, and exerted a considerable influence on Western magic thereafter. It is said

Friday, December 13, 2019

Business Should Always Be Ethically and Socially Responsible Free Essays

Corporate scandals in business world have been more and more common, which damages the interest and profits of stakeholders, employers, community or society. The corporate scandals pull the public to focus on the ethic of managers and the firm itself. Comparing to the past, customers are focusing more and more on the reputation of the firms and they prefer to select the brands that are environmentally friendly and socially responsible when they buy products or service. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Should Always Be Ethically and Socially Responsible or any similar topic only for you Order Now This change pushes firms to maintain their reputations with more efforts. Corporate social responsibility has been a hot topic in business world today, which is an important part of building brand image while brand image is a value for firms. This essay holds the statement that business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Firstly, it gives the several definitions of business ethic and corporate social responsibility briefly. Subsequently, it outlines the pros and coins for addressing corporate social responsibility. Following this, it discusses the negative effects caused by corporate scandals with several real cases likeToyota, Bernard Madoff and Enron. Finally it discusses the benefits when business is ethically and socially responsible with the examples of Procter Gamble and Li Ka-shing. Definitions of business ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics is the code of values and principles to govern people’s behaviours to verdict what is right or wrong. Business ethic is the application of personal moral in commercial enterprise. Comparing to the vague definition of business ethics, the definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is clearer. As stated by The World Business Council for Sustainable Development(2014), corporate social responsibility is the commitment of business to contribute to the economic development and the welfare of employees and the family, the community and the whole society. European Commission (2014) defines this concept as follow: the firms integrate concerns of social and environment with stakeholders in the economic decisions and actions voluntarily. The definitions of business ethics and corporate social responsibility state that business firms are acting ethically and socially responsible means in the economic operations they should consider the interests of stakeholders, environment and society and they should concern the welfare of employees and the family instead of concerning only the profits of firms and personal interest. The proponents of CSR include the moral obligation, license to operate, sustainability and reputation (Porter, 2004). According to Lahovnik (2008), there are three levels of corporate social responsibility. The first level is the obligation to meet the material for shareholders, employees, customers, creditorsand suppliers. The second level is the responsibility to benefit the human resource of community and avoid the damage to environment. The last one is the responsibility to the society. Even though there is not clear definition how far firms should address the social responsibility, there is indeed a fact that firms should take the social responsibility in their economic operations. Against and For Corporate Social Responsibility There is a hot debating on whether firms should address their corporate social responsibility or not. For the objectors, business is just business that maximize profits is the economic responsibility of management instead of being the social role in society. The social problems should not be resolved by firms and firms are not designed to handle these issues. Corporate social responsibility could be an important tool wielded by firms. Stated by The Wall Street Journal, the addressing of CSR may be anillusion and a dangerous one because when there is a conflict between private profit and social interest; firms tend to select the former one (Karnani,2010). Even though the firms say they are doing the projects with charity purposes, the investment or cost of these projects may be owned by other ways, which may harm the interest of environment or society. Different from the objectors, there are a variety of reasons to support the idea that firms should address the corporate social responsibility and be ethical. The first reason is that the human and social problems are largely led by industrialization and business firms own the social resource that business has the obligation to reduce and solve these issues. Firms have been important parts of the society and they own a huge resource, which means they also carry the obligation to solve the problems in the society especially these problems led by their economic operations. The second reason is that business firms can get benefits from addressing corporate social responsibility. CSR directly benefits the financial bottom line and improve the competitiveness of firms. CSR can enhance reputation and brand image of firms. The survey of PWC 2002 showed that 90% of respondents said that corporate social responsibility can enhance the corporate reputation. The 2002 Cone Corporate Citizenship Study also showed that 84 percent of American would change brands to those with good reputation in the similar price and quality (Kotler and Lee 2005). When companies address corporate social responsibility, it will bring positive impacts on retention, recruitment and motivations of employees for the firms. For example, Timberland is always encouraging its employees to offer community service called Path of Service, which has been ranked by Fortune and Timberland is named as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For (Provictus, 2012). The third reason is the social benefits brought by business firms when they address corporate social responsibility and act ethically. When business firms act ethically, the firms can reduce the negative impacts on stakeholders, employees, customers and the society, which will be discussed below with real cases. When business firms performance well in CSR, they can bring huge benefits to the investors, stakeholders, customers, community and society, which will be discussed below with examples as well. Negative Effects of Corporate Scandals When business firms or managers of firms act unethically and ignore their corporate social responsibility, the negative effects can outburst internally and externally. The negative effects of corporate scandals can influence the reputation of firms, the interests of stakeholders, employees, customers, environment and society. In 2009, Toyota recalled over 9 million cars over the world in two separate recalls because of the quality issue, which led to billions of dollars in operating losses andcharges. The reputation of top quality in car industry faced a heavy hit globally. Even though Toyota would not collapse completely, the reputation was threatened, which has been built through decades (Connor, 2010). The share price dropped down and customers distrusted Toyota in quality. The unethical action of Toyota to produce unsafe cars pulled Toyota in a dangerous place that it brought side effects on the reputation globally, which definitely reduced its market share and sales globally. In June 2009, the unethical behavior of Bernard Madoff damaged the interest of investors by using the Ponzi scheme. The similar case with Bernard Madoff exist more in business world, which brings huge side effects to investors. As a top audit firm, Enron met the corporate scandal. Enron lied about the profits and the success of Enron was brought by creative accounting. In 2013, the building collapse of Rana Plaza killed more than 1,100 people and this event involved many famous clothes brands into corporate scandals. Wal-Mart is one of them because it received clothes from Banned Bangladesh Factories, which has been defined as unethical operation (Grabell, 2013). The unethical behaviours of Wal-Mart damaged the interest of workers in Banned Bangladesh Factories. Meanwhile, Wal-Mart’s brand image has been affected because Wal-Mart is treated as a firm with social responsibility. In 2010, BAE Systems plc (BAES) pleaded guilty for overseas corruption (The United States Department of Justice, 2010). The real cases that business firms or managers act unethically without corporate social responsibility are more than these mentioned above over the world. The side effects of these corporate scandals are widely spread. The corporate scandals can hurt the reputation of firms, the interests of investors and stakeholders, welfare of employees, the life damage or property losses of customers and the damage of environment. The side effects are so great that the society urges that the business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Positive Effects of Acting Ethically and Socially Responsible The positive effects of acting ethically and socially responsible support the statement that business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Just like this essay stated above, there are various benefits firms and the whole society can get when firms address the corporate social responsibility and act ethically. Procter Gamble is an excellent case of multinational firms that address corporate social responsibility well. There are few corporate scandals of Procter Gamble in business world. Instead, there are many pieces of news on how Procter Gamble is an excellent citizen in business world that addresses corporate social responsibility well. For example, Procter Gamble provides PUR technology to purify dirty water for people in Africa and helps kids to live and get education (Procter Gamble, 2013). Children’s Safe Drinking Water Program (CSDW) has reached over 70 countries to save tens of thousands of lives (Procter Gamble, 2014a). Apart from this;Procter Gamble (2013) donated money and encouraged employees to help the poor kids to get education in China. To protect environment, Procter Gamble(2014b) is committed to design recycled products with innovation. Procter Gamble (2014c) is also trying to make zero waste a reality from manufacturing and designing. There is no report on how Procter Gamble benefit from addressing its corporate social responsibility. However, Procter Gamble build its great reputation in business world globally. The reputation enhances the brand image of Procter Gamble and meanwhile it increases the sales of Procter Gamble the cohesion of employees in the firm. The investors may tend to join in Procter Gamble because Procter Gamblehas great corporate citizenship. In addition to Procter Gamble, Coca Cola, Pepsi and other multinational firms are doing greatly in addressing the corporate social responsibility and get benefits from it even though it takes some cost. The money used in corporate social responsibility is another form of investment, which will come out profits with intangible asset. In China, there is a famous rich person called Li Ka-shing, who is always acting ethically and socially responsible. Because of his ethical business behavior and good morality, Li Ka-shing built his reputation and the reputation of his firm in business world, which has contributed a lot to his success. Meanwhile, the ethical behavior of Li Ka-shing avoided the side effects on the stakeholders, employees, customers and society. From the real case of Procter Gamble and Li Ka-shing, it shows that when business firms or businessmen act ethically and socially responsible, they get payback with good reputation and brand image, which will be switched to products sales and intangible asset. This supports the idea that why business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Conclusion In conclusion, business should always be ethically and socially responsible because the negative efforts of corporate scandals can hurt the interest of society while the impact of acting ethically and socially responsible can be positive to the society. The essay provides the definition of business ethics and corporate social responsibility to outline how firms and managers are acting ethically and socially responsible. Subsequently, it offers two sides for the argument whether firms should address corporate social responsibility to support the thesis of this essay. The real cases of corporate scandals show the results and side effects when firms behave unethically in economic operations to urge the need to be ethically and socially responsible. Meanwhile, the real cases of Procter Gamble and Li Ka-shing show that when firms or businessmen behave ethically and socially responsible, they can get payback in economy as well and the address corporate society will benefit the investors, employees, community, customers and environment. The negative impacts of acting unethically and the positive impacts of firms’ acting ethically and socially responsible to the firms, community and environment finally support the idea that business should always be ethically and socially responsible. How to cite Business Should Always Be Ethically and Socially Responsible, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

12 Angry Men Movie and Play Essay Example For Students

12 Angry Men Movie and Play Essay This essay will compare contrast the protagonist / antagonists relationship with each other and the other jurors in the play and in the movie versions of Reginald Roses 12 Angry Men. There arent any changes made to the key part of the story but yet the minor changes made in making the movie adaptation produce a different picture than what one imagines when reading the drama in the form of a play. First off, the settings in the movie are a great deal more fleshed out. In the play, the scene begins with the jurors regarding the judges final statements concerning the case in the courtroom and then walking out into the jury room. In the movie, the audience is placed in the role of the invisible casual observer, who for perhaps the first 5 minutes of the movie, walks throughout the court building passing other court rooms, lawyers, defendants, security officers, elevators, etc. Not able to remember much about this particular part of the movie, I believe this introductory scenes purpose was to either enhanced the realism of the setting by emphasizing the court buildings efficient, business like manner or to provide a timeslot in which to roll the credits for producer, director, stars, etc. The settings arent only built upon through use of scenery and extras in the movie. Invisible and distant in the play, we see in the movie the judge, bailiff, those witnessing the trial and most importantly of all- the defendant. This is an important change because in the play, we are free to come up with our own unbiased conclusions as to the nature and identity of the defendant, whom we only know to a be a 19 year boy from the slums. Seeing his haggard and worn face in the movie changes all of that, yet for better or worse, it engages the audience deeper into the trial as they surely will sympathize with him and can gain some insight into why, later, Juror 8 does so as well. Of final note in this summary of points concerning the differences in setting, the jurors all mention the heat wave affecting the city when they begin, and as it agitates them, it serves to heighten the tension between each other and their resentment or other feelings towards jury duty. Oh- also lastly, I think we can infer that the movie takes place in Manhattan, New York City. Which jurors are from which boroughs is easily obvious and yet Im hesitant to say that the defendant could be from any of them- slums were persistent in those times. Concerning the characterization of the cast and their conflicts with each other, the movie holds true to the plays guidelines. For the most part, each character I saw in the movie matched up with the picture my minds eye had painted whilst I was reading the play. One thing irked me however: all the jurors seemed at least 10 years older that I had imagined them. For instance, I had seen Juror 8- the protagonist of the play and Juror 3- his rival, the antagonist as being perhaps 30-ish or so and spirited and vibrant in their arguments. While somewhat vibrant they were, their age made them seem to come across as being more stubborn and grumpy (at least in, Juror 3s case) than lively. Even Juror 2- the meek, weak and timid-spoken one, I thought would be so because of the age disparity between him and the older (and thus, supposedly- wiser) jurors. Yet he is portrayed as such a man but balding and smoking a pipe. His voice, however, fit nicely to its role. The conflicts in the movie, while also being more fleshed out than in the play, did match up essentially but there was one point- I thing just before Juror 8 asks for the diagram of the apartment- that the movies directors took the liberty to take dialogue from later in the play and put it there, greatly confusing me and hampering my ability to follow along. In analyzing the differences in the antagonists and protagonists relationship with each other and the other jurors, it too held .